This page provides an overview of solar panel manufacturers with sustainability data per panel (series). By filtering and searching specifically, you can easily determine which panels meet the set of procurement criteria for sustainability.
This version is updated until May 1st, 2026. Feedback, additions, and corrections are welcome and can be emailed to solarpv@pianoo.nl.
- Explanation
- Carbon
Footprint - PFAS-free
- Antimony free
- Leadfree
- Take-back guarantee
- Recyclability
- Lifetime
- Forced labour risk
The table shows manufacturers with panel series per row. If there are clearly different series regarding one or more sustainability criteria, multiple rows per manufacturer are filled in. In total, the table contains 58 different manufacturers. More background information is available per topic. Choose a term to read the explanation.
Most of the Carbon Footprint (CO2 emissions – CFP) comes from the production phase, especially during the extraction and production of (poly)silicon and solar cells, as a lot of electricity is required here. How this required electricity is generated (fossil or green) also determines the final CFP. There are different ways to determine this CFP: via a simplified method (“Evaluation Carbone Simplifiée” – ECS) or from a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), recorded in an Environmental Product Declaration (EPD). Two standards are relevant here: EPD Norway and EPD Italy. EPD Italy is less useful because it also accounts for the total estimated yield of the solar panels over their lifespan (based on various assumptions). EPD Norway focuses on the lifecycle of the panel itself. For an extensive explanation of the different methodologies, see the Copper8 research report (Chapter 2, only in Dutch).
The table uses the CFP value for GWP A1 through A3 (when an LCA or an EPD Norway is available) in kg CO2-eq/kWp. If no EPD is available, the maximum values from the ECS methodology (range) are used. If neither is available, this is indicated with “unk.”
Most solar panels contain PVDF (Tedlar), PVF (Kynar), or other fluorinated polymers and coatings. These PFAS materials can be released into the environment during production or use (through powder formation or peeling) and cause health hazards. PFAS are also on the REACH Candidate List (SVHC): this list includes substances identified as “substances of very high concern” and that may be added to the REACH Authorization List in the future. Manufacturers must inform customers if their product contains more than 0.1% of these substances. PFAS-free alternatives incur little to no additional costs. Glass-glass panels are PFAS-free.
Antimony is a heavy metal with toxicity comparable to lead. It is added by glass producers (especially in China) during glass production; 40-80 grams per solar panel to make the front glass ultra-transparent. There are also ways to achieve this without adding antimony or other heavy metals. During the usage phase, at most a small fraction of antimony can end up in the environment. The main problem with antimony is that it complicates high-quality recycling of the glass. When panels are produced in China, they almost always contain antimony unless explicitly stated otherwise by the manufacturer. If the amount of antimony is specified, less than 0.05% by weight is considered antimony-free.
Lead is found in solder and is cheap and reliable. A standard solar panel contains 5 to 15 grams of lead. Some manufacturers already use lead-free solder. Although reducing or phasing out lead is generally a good choice, it should not lead to poorer solder connections and thus a shortened lifespan. However, recycling is currently limited. For awareness, it is useful to also mention the amount of lead on the datasheet.
A limited number of manufacturers offer their own take-back guarantee and closed-loop recycling. If this is verifiably implemented, the presence of hazardous substances and heavy metals is less of a concern. This does not apply to PFAS, as these substances can already be released into the environment through degradation during the product’s lifespan.
In addition, in the Netherlands, the statutory Legal Producer Responsibility applies to anyone who markets solar panels. Manufacturers and importers must register for this through Stichting Open. It is expected that all brands on the list are registered, either directly or through importers..
Currently, there is no clear methodology for determining the Recyclability of solar panels. Various indicators can be used for this, including those from the CINEA report (Nov 2025). Work is currently underway to define the specific details of these criteria.
At present, a limited number of manufacturers hold Cradle-to-Cradle certification for their solar panels, as indicated in the table. We will be updating this information in the near future..
There are two types of warranties issued by the supplier: the performance warranty period and the product warranty period. There is a reasonable consensus regarding the performance warranty period based on various technical field tests, and this period is also used in the preparation of the EPD. This period is usually between 25 and 30 years. The product warranty period is usually (much) shorter (often 12 to 15 years), which is largely due to liability and legal considerations on the part of the manufacturer. However, some manufacturers also offer a longer product warranty (sometimes up to 30 years). The table combines both warranties according to the scheme below to provide an accurate picture of the expected lifespan.
In the solar industry, particularly in China, there are significant abuses regarding working conditions: this mainly concerns (risks of) forced labor by Uyghurs in the western province of Xinjiang. Several studies have been published demonstrating this, including the most recent report by Sheffield Hallam University. This report names several major producers, along with their responses. In the United States, periodic updates are published with high-risk sectors and companies under the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act (UFLPA). Finally, there are various other sources of information that can be used to assess the risk of forced labor. Since independent research into these abuses is almost impossible, for other suppliers not mentioned in these studies, it is assumed that the risk is high with a Chinese supply chain and low with a (demonstrably) completely non-Chinese supply chain. If it is unknown where production takes place, this is indicated as ‘unk’
| Producer | Panel series/name | Carbon Footprint | Source CFP | PFAS-free | Antimony-free | Leadfree | Take-back guarantee manufacturer | Recyclability | Lifetime | Forced labour risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1-A3 kg CO2-eq/kWp | Yes / No / unknown | Yes / No / unknown | Yes / No / unknown | Yes / No | Cradle-to-Cradle certificate | Very high / High / Medium | High / Medium / Low / unknown | |||
| 3SUN | 3SHBGH-AA/CA/CC, 3SHBGA-AF | 740 | ECS | Yes | unk | unk | No | No | Very high | unk |
| Aiko | Axxx-MAH72Mw, Axxx-MAH54Mw, Axxx-MAH54Mb, Gxxx-MCH72Mw | 517 | EPD-N | unk | No | unk | No | No | High | High |
| Aiko | Axxx-MAH72Dw, Axxx-MAH54Dw/Db, Gxxx-MCH72Dw, Axxx-GRH66Dw, Axxx-GCH66Dw, Axxx-MAH60Dw/Db, Axxx-MCE54Dw/Db, Axxx-MAE78Dw, Axxx-MAH78Dw, Axxx-GTE66Dw, Axxx-MDE72Dw | 506 | EPD-N | Yes | No | unk | No | No | High | High |
| Aleo | LEO-N series | unk | unk | Yes | unk | unk | No | No | Very high | unk |
| AstroEnergy (Chint) | CHSM78RN(DG)/F-BH, CHSM48RN(DG)/F-BH, CHSM48RN(DG)(BLH)/F-BH, CHSM48RN(DGT)(BLH)/F-BH, CHSM54RN(DG)/F-BH, CHSM54RN(DGT)(BLH)/F-BH | 361 | EPD-N | unk | No | unk | No | No | Medium | High |
| Biosphere Solar | ReModule 1.4 IBC | 400 | Statement | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Medium | Low |
| Biosphere Solar | ReModule 1.4 TOPCON | 630 | Statement | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Medium | High |
| BISOL | BDO Duplex, Bifacial, Supreme, Spectrum | 582 | EPD-N | unk | No | unk | No | No | Very high | High |
| Boviet Solar | (PERC) BVM 7612M-xxx-H-HC, (TOPCon) BVM 7612M/7610M/7609M-xxx-H-HC | unk | EPD-I | unk | unk | Yes | No | No | Medium | High |
| Boviet Solar | (PERC) BVM 7612M-xxx-H-HC, (TOPCon) BVM 7612M/7610M/7609M-xxx-H-HC | unk | EPD-I | Yes | unk | Yes | No | No | Medium | High |
| Canadian Solar Inc. (CSI) – Recurrent Energy | CS-7N-TB-AG, CS7L-XXX TB-AG, CS6.2-66TB, CS6.2-66TB-H1 | 630 | ECS | Yes | No | unk | Yes | No | Medium | High |
| DAH Solar | R18/R20–Nxx series | 303 | EPD-N | Yes | No | unk | Yes | No | High | High |
| DAS Solar | DAS DHxxNE | 630 | ECS | Yes | No | unk | Yes | No | High | High |
| DMEGC Solar | M10RT-B54HXX, M10RT-B60HXX | 456 | EPD-N | unk | No | unk | Yes | No | High | High |
| EgingPV | EG-XXXM54-HLV, EG-XXXM54-HL/BF-DG, EG-XXXM72-HLV, EG-XXXM72-HL/BF-DG, EG-XXXM60-HUV, EG-XXXM60-HU/BF-DG, EG-XXXM66-HUV, EG-XXXM66-HU/BF-DG, EG-XXXNT54-HLV, EG-XXXNT54-HL/BF-DG, EG-XXXNT72-HLV, EG-XXXNT72-HL/BFDG, EG-XXXNT66-HU/BF-DG, EG-XXXNT48-HRC/BF-DG, EG-XXXNT66-HRC/BF-DG | unk | EPD-I | unk | unk | unk | Yes | No | High | High |
| Elsun | GB Premium | unk | unk | unk | unk | unk | Yes | No | Very high | unk |
| Energyra | all | 486 | LCA | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Very high | Low |
| First Solar | Series 7 thin film | 235 | EPD-N | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Medium | Low |
| FuturaSun | FUxxxM Silk® Nova, FUxxxMV Silk® Nova | 591 | EPD-N | No | No | unk | No | No | High | High |
| GB Sol | diverse series | unk | unk | unk | unk | unk | No | No | Very high | Low |
| GCL | NT12(R)/BDF, NT12(R)/GBDF | 740 | ECS | Yes | No | unk | No | No | Medium | High |
| Gokin Solar | diverse series | unk | unk | unk | No | unk | No | No | High | High |
| Green Energy | CIGS 310-75, 150 | 341.03 | EPD-N | unk | Yes | Yes | No | No | n.b | unk |
| Hanwha Solutions / Qcells | Q.TRON S-G3R.12+ / BFG, Q.TRON BLK S-G3R.12+ / BFG | 740 | ECS | Yes | No | unk | No | No | Very high | High |
| Heliatek | all | 250 | Statement | unk | Yes | Yes | No | No | Medium | Low |
| Heliene | diverse series | unk | unk | Yes | unk | unk | No | No | Medium | Low |
| Huasun | HS-210-B132DSxxx | 385 | EPD-N | Yes | No | unk | No | No | High | High |
| Huayao PV | HYxxx-N132CDD, HYxxx-N132EDD, HYxxx-N144BDD, HYxxx-B144DDD, HYxxx-N156BDD | 375 | EPD-N | Yes | No | unk | No | No | High | High |
| JASolar | JAMxxS30/MR, JAM54S31/MR, JAMxxS30/LR, JAM54S31/LR, JAMxxS30/GR | 336 | EPD-N | unk | No | unk | No | No | Medium | High |
| JASolar | JAMxxD40/MB, JAMxxD42/LB, JAM66D45/LB, JAMxxD40/GB, JAM54D41/GB, JAMxxD40/LB, JAMxxD41/LB, JAM66D42/MB, JAM54D40/LR, JAM54D41/LR | 376 | EPD-N | Yes | No | unk | No | No | Medium | High |
| JASolar | JAM72D30/MB, JAM72D30/GB, JAM78D30/MB, JAM72D30/LB | 328 | EPD-N | Yes | No | unk | No | No | Medium | High |
| JinkoSolar | JKMxxxN-66HL4M-BDV (2 productielocaties) | 356 | EPD-N | Yes | No | unk | No | No | Medium | High |
| Jolywood Solar | JW-HD serie | 443 | EPD-N | Yes | No | unk | No | No | High | High |
| Kaylon | N-Type TopCon series | 229 | EPD-N | Yes | unk | unk | No | No | Medium | unk |
| Kaylon | Double glass Perc series | 489 | EPD-N | Yes | unk | unk | No | No | Medium | unk |
| Leapton Solar | LP182*210-M-XX-NB-series | 391 | EPD-N | Yes | No | unk | No | No | Very high | High |
| Longi | LR5-54HIH, LR5-54HPB, LR5-54HPH, LR5-54HTB, LR5-54HTH, LR5-66HIH, LR5-66HPH | 550 | EPD-N | Yes | No | unk | No | No | Medium | High |
| Longi | LR8-66HGD AND LR7-72HYD | 355 | EPD-N | Yes | No | unk | No | No | Medium | High |
| Longi | LR8-66HYD | 312 | EPD-N | Yes | No | unk | No | No | Medium | High |
| Longi | LR5-72HGD, LR7-72HGD | 355 | EPD-N | Yes | No | unk | No | No | Medium | High |
| Longi | LR7-72HVH, LR7-54HVH, LR7-72HVD, LR7-54HVD, LR7-54HVB | 321 | EPD-N | unk | No | No | No | No | Medium | High |
| Midsummer | Bold | 113 | EPD-N | unk | Yes | unk | No | No | Very high | Low |
| Midsummer | Slim | 117 | EPD-N | unk | Yes | unk | No | No | Very high | Low |
| Midsummer | Wave | 156 | EPD-N | unk | Yes | unk | No | No | Very high | Low |
| PhonoSolar | PSXXXM4-20/UH, PSXXXM4-22/WH, PSXXXM4-24/TH, PSXXXM6-20/UH, PSXXXM6-22/WH, PSXXXM6(H)-24/TH, PSXXXM6(H)-22/WH, PSXXXM6(H)-20/UH, PSXXXM6(H)-18/VH | 836 | EPD-N | unk | No | unk | No | No | Medium | High |
| PhonoSolar | PSXXXM8GF(H)-24/TNH, PSXXXM8GF(H)-22/WNH, PSXXXM8GF(H)-20/UNH, PSXXXM8GF(H)-18/VNH | 842 | EPD-N | Yes | No | unk | No | No | High | High |
| PhonoSolar | PSXXXM8GF(H)-24/TH, PSXXXM8GF(H)-22/WH, PSXXXM8GF(H)-20/UH, PSXXXM8GF(H)-18/VH | 815 | EPD-N | Yes | No | unk | No | No | Medium | High |
| Recom | Diverse series, 5 verschillende celtechnologieen | unk | unk | No | unk | unk | No | No | High | Low |
| Rec Solar | REC N-Peak 2 | 1340 | EPD-N | No | unk | unk | No | No | Very high | High |
| Risen | RSM110-8-xxxBHDG, RSM132-8-xxxBHDG | 379 | EPD-N | Yes | No | unk | No | No | High | High |
| Risen | RSM132-8-xxxBHDG | 390 | EPD-N | Yes | No | unk | No | No | High | High |
| Risen | RSM132-8-xxxM, RSM132-8-xxxBMDG | 473 | EPD-N | Yes | No | unk | No | No | High | High |
| Smart Solar | Lumina series | unk | unk | Yes | unk | unk | No | No | Medium | High |
| Solarge | SOLO 500 Wp | 470 | LCA | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | High | Low |
| Solarge | SOLO 525 Wp | 401.90476190476 | LCA | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | High | Low |
| SolarSpace | SS8-72HD-N, SS9-60HD-N, SS9-66HD-N, SSA-48HD-N, SSA-48HDB-N, SSA-54HD-N, SSA-66HD-N | 362 | EPD-N | Yes | No | unk | No | No | High | High |
| SolarWatt | M5.5, M5.0, L5.0 | 489 | EPD-N | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Very high | Low |
| Solitek | SOLID series | 524 | EPD-N | Yes | unk | unk | No | Yes | Very high | unk |
| Soluxtec | RE XSC Series | unk | unk | Yes | unk | unk | No | No | Very high | unk |
| Sonnenstromfabrik | Low carbon serie Excellent | unk | unk | Yes | unk | unk | No | No | Very high | Low |
| Sonnex Energie | SNX Series HP | unk | unk | unk | unk | unk | No | No | High | unk |
| Sonnex Energie | SNX Series Dual Glass | unk | unk | Yes | unk | unk | No | No | Very high | unk |
| SPIC (Qinghai) | SPICN6(LAR)-66-xxx series | 384 | EPD-N | unk | No | unk | No | No | Very high | High |
| Sunman Energy | e-Arc Lightweight series | 740 | unk | unk | Yes | unk | No | No | Medium | unk |
| Sunova Solar | Tangra series | unk | unk | Yes | No | unk | No | No | High | High |
| Sunova Solar | SS-XXX-54MDH, SS-XXX-54MDH(T), SS-XXX-60MDH(T), SS-XXX66MDH-G12, SS-XXX-72MDH, SS-XXX-72MDH(T), SS-BGXXX-54MDH, SS-BGXXX-54MDH(T), SS-BGXXX-72MDH, SS-BGXXX-66MDH-G12 | unk | EPD-I | unk | No | unk | No | No | High | High |
| TCL Sunpower (Maxeon) | Maxeon SPR3 / Maxeon 6 | 342 | EPD-N | unk | unk | Yes | Yes | Yes | Very high | Low |
| Tongwei | TWMNH-66HS, TNC-G12R-66 | 450.94 | EPD-N | unk | No | unk | No | No | Medium | High |
| Tongwei | TWMNH-66HD | 361 | EPD-N | Yes | No | unk | No | No | High | High |
| Tongwei | TWMNH-48HExxx, TWMNH-48HWxxx, TWMNH-48HDxxx | 493 | EPD-N | Yes | No | unk | No | No | High | High |
| TrinaSolar | NEG9R.25, NEG9R.28, NEG9RC.27, NEG18R.28, NEG18R.20 | 358 | EPD-N | Yes | No | unk | Yes | No | High | Medium |
| Ureco | Glory series (FKF4XXBFW-BB, FJF, FBF) | unk | unk | Yes | No | unk | No | No | High | unk |
| Ureco | Recyclable PV Module DEF_R8A / 144 cells 580 W – 605 W | unk | unk | Yes | No | unk | No | No | Medium | unk |
| Viridian Solar | Clearline Fusion AG M10 | unk | unk | Yes | No | unk | No | No | High | High |
| Viridian Solar | Clearline Fusion M10, G1 | 711 | EPD-N | unk | No | unk | No | No | Medium | High |
| Voltec Solar | TARKA 110/120 VSMP/ VSBP | 630 | ECS | unk | No | unk | No | No | Very high | High |
| Winaico | WST-450NGX-D3, WST-445NGXB-D3, WST-xxxNCX54-AW, WST-xxxNCX48-AW, WST-xxxNCX48-BW | 547 | EPD-N | Yes | No | unk | No | No | Very high | High |
| Wuxi Suntech Power | UltraV Pro | unk | unk | Yes | No | unk | No | No | High | High |
| Yingli Solar | YLM 3.0 Series | unk | unk | Yes | No | unk | No | No | Medium | High |
| Yingli Solar | Panda | unk | unk | Yes | No | unk | No | No | Medium | High |
| ZN Shine Solar | ZXM7-SH108-xxx/M | unk | EPD-I | unk | No | unk | No | No | Medium | High |
| ZN Shine Solar | ZXM7-SHLD144-xxx/M | unk | EPD-I | Yes | No | unk | No | No | Medium | High |
